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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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germanfr.4
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1991-04-07
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Economy
Overview: West Germany, a major economic power and a leading
exporter, has a highly urbanized and skilled population
that enjoys excellent living standards and comprehensive
social welfare benefits. The FRG is poor in natural resources,
coal being the most important mineral. The FRG's comparative
advantage lies in the technologically advanced production
stages. Thus manufacturing and services dominate economic
activity, and raw materials and semimanufactures constitute
a large proportion of imports. In 1988 manufacturing accounted
for 35% of GDP, with other sectors contributing lesser amounts.
The major economic problem in 1989 is persistent unemployment
of over 8%. The FRG is well poised to take advantage of
the increasing economic integration of the European Community.
The dramatic opening of the boundary with East Germany in
late 1989 poses new economic challenges that could tax even
this powerful economy.
GDP: $945.7 billion, per capita $15,300; real growth rate 4.3%
(1989 est.).
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.0% (1989).
Unemployment rate: 8.4% (1989).
Budget: revenues $539 billion; expenditures $563 billion,
including capital expenditures of $11.5 billion (1988).
Exports: $323.4 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--manufactures
86.6% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor
vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 4.9%,
raw materials 2.3%, fuels 1.3%; partners--EC 52.7% (France 12%,
Netherlands 9%, Italy 9%, UK 9%, Belgium-Luxembourg 7%), other West
Europe 18%, US 10%, Eastern Europe 4%, OPEC 3% (1987).
Imports: $250.6 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--manufactures
68.5%, agricultural products 12.0%, fuels 9.7%, raw materials
7.1%; partners--EC 52.7% (France 12%, Netherlands 11%, Italy 10%,
UK 7%, Belgium-Luxembourg 7%), other West Europe 15%, US 6%,
Japan 6%, Eastern Europe 5%, OPEC 3% (1987).
External debt: $500 million (June 1988).
Industrial production: growth rate 3.3% (1988).
Electricity: (including West Berlin) 110,075,000 kW capacity;
452,390 million kWh produced, 7,420 kWh per capita (1989).
Industries: among world's largest producers of iron, steel,
coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, ships, vehicles, and
machine tools; electronics, food and beverages.
Agriculture: accounts for about 2% of GDP (including fishing
and forestry); diversified crop and livestock farming; principal
crops and livestock include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar
beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs, poultry; net importer
of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric tons in 1987.
Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $60.0 billion.
Currency: deutsche mark (plural--marks); 1 deutsche mark
(DM) = 100 pfennige.
Exchange rates: deutsche marks (DM) per US$1--1.6918 (January
1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987), 2.1715
(1986), 2.9440 (1985).
Fiscal year: calendar year.